by Tim Dyhouse

HOLDING THE LINE : (Above) A BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle) man of the 65th Inf. Regt.
(recruited on Puerto Rico), 3rd Inf. Div., trades fire with a Communist patrol. The 65th held
fast during the first thrust of the massive Chinese offensive on April 22, 1951.

"Reprinted with permission from VFW Magazine, April 2001"

ON APRIL 22, 1951, U.N. forces in Korea held a 100-mile-long defensive line stretching the entire width of the peninsula at roughly the
38th Parallel.
    Defending this line was the U.S. 3rd, 24th and 25th Infantry divisions in the west, the 1st Marine and 2nd Infantry divisions in the central sector
and the 7th Infantry Division in the east. The 1st Cavalry Division was held in reserve. Troops from other U.N. nations and South Korea rounded out the line.
    Facing the allied units were nine armies comprising  27 Chinese and North Korean divisions totaling some 250,000 men.
    The main goal for U.N. forces was to hold their positions, and, if necessary, fall back in orderly fashion to protect Seoul. As the new commander of the 8th Army, Lt. Gen. James A. Van Fleet, said, "For the time being, real estate was not important;  the main task was to kill Communists."  GIs had ample opportunity.

            'WHAT WE HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR'
Van Fleet and Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway (who took over as supreme commander in Far East at the beginning of April) knew the Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) were ready to attack, but didn't know when. Two CCF soldiers-captured in two separate incidents on April 22-divulged plans for a major offensive around 9 that night. It was, as one U.S. officer said that evening, "what we have been waiting for."
    Sure enough, at about 10 p.m. nearly a quarter million Communist "came swarming out of the night by the light of a full, but by this time smoked hazed moon, blowing bugles and horns and shooting flares," as Clay Blair wrote in his book The Forgotten War: America in Korea 1950-1953. "It was the start of the biggest battle of the Korean War."
    The main thrust of the CCF attack initially smashed into the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment, made up of Puerto Ricans, with an attached unit from the Philippines, along Line Wyoming.
    "They really hit us," said 65th commander Col. William W. Harris. "I believe the enemy attack bounced off us and spilled over on both sides."
    U.S. artillery men across the front were ready for the Communist onslaught.
    "The gullies in front of us are already full of Chinese dead," one U.S. gunner told a Time correspondent, "and we intend to keep adding to the pile."
    During the night of April 22 the "Wolfhounds" of the 27th Infantry Regiment fought ferociously, often in hand-to-hand combat. Helping out, the 8th, 90th and 176th Field Artillery battalions (FABs)  trained their guns on the enemy.
    "It was a machine gunner's and artillery man's dream,"  said Gen. George B. Barth, commander of the 25th Division's artillery. "After about 30 minutes, the Reds had enough. The Wolfhounds were not bothered anymore that day."
    The full story of the CCF attack hit the central sector hard, and units were forced to begin a systematic withdrawal. The 92nd FAB, as well as the 1st and 7th Marines of the 1st Marine Division, fell back and formed a perimeter near Chunchon, providing a haven for troops during the retreat. Early on April 24, the CCF swarmed it.
    "What ensued was one of the most  astonishing valorous Army actions of the Korean War," Blair wrote. "Acting in the role of infantry, [92nd commander Lt.Col. Leon F.] Lavoie's men manned rifles, carbines and machine guns and promptly delivered an awesome stream of fire into the oncoming enemy."
    The 92nd FAB suffered four KIA and 11 WIA, but killed 179 Chinese on the perimeter alone.
    Later that night, the CCF attacked the command post of the 35th Infantry Regiment. "All three battalions of the 35th were cut off," Barth said, "but that fine regiment fought its way clear by battalion."
    As the Chinese rushed toward the town of Kapyong, 30 miles northeast of Seoul, they ran headlong into Australian and Canadian infantrymen of the Commonwealth Brigade supported by Company A of the U.S. 72nd Tank Battalion, 2nd Division.
    "During the fight [1st Lt. Kenneth] Koch's American tankers performed magnificently," Blair wrote. "They bravely supported the Australian infantry with direct fire, brought ammo forward and evacuated wounded, killing CCF coming and going."
    Three of the 72nd's tankers were killed and 12 wounded. Koch and one of his platoon leaders, W. Donald Miller, earned Distinguished Service Crosses for their "extraordinary heroism" that day. The 72nd, as well as the Australian and Canadian battalions, won the Presidential Unit Citation.

               'ONE OF THE MOST GALLANT FIGHTS'
On the morning of April 25, the U.S. 3rd Division's 7th Infantry Regiment was ordered to withdraw south toward Uijongbu, only 10 miles north of Seoul. The regiment's 1st and 3rd battalions - "hollow-eyed from fatigue"-
had held their ground during the night. But as the 3rd Battalion began withdrawing, the CCF launched a massive frontal assault. According to Blair, A and B companies of the 1st Battalion then "staged one of the most gallant fights of the war."
    Cpl. John Essebagger, Jr., of A Co., and Cpl. Clair Goodblood of B Co., both earned posthumous Medals of Honor, while the 1st Battalion received the Presidential Unit Citation. Altogether, for men of the 7th Regiment earned MOHs that day: Pfc. Charles Gilliland and Cpl. Hiroshi H. Miyamura were the other two recipients.
    Another withdrawal, also on April 25, ended in tragedy for the 24th Division's 5th Regimental Combat Team (RCT)- which included the 8th Ranger Company and the 555th FAB. Trouble first occurred when the CCF surrounded and trapped the Rangers. A tank platoon was able to rescue only 65 Rangers. Later, the CCF ambushed the 555th as it was moving toward Uijongbu.
    "What resulted was another terrible slaughter," Blair wrote. "About 100 artillerymen were lost or missing."
    One commander recorded simply that it was a "gruesome scene."

              'SPENDING PEOPLE LIKE AMMUNITION'
In the end, the U.S. strategy of orderly withdrawals wore down the CCF.
    "They attack, and we shoot them down," an officer told a Time reporter. "Then we pull back, and they have to do it all over again. They're spending people the way we spend ammunition."
    Slowly, U.N. forces pulled back to Line Lincoln (or Golden) - the last line of defense protecting Seoul. Trenches and bunkers fortified with machine guns, recoilless rifles, flame throwers, barbed wire, anti personnel mines, booby traps and "thousands" of drums filled with napalm and white phosphorus secured the line.
    On the night of April 28, the enemy attacked Line Lincoln, resulting in 1,241 dead North Koreans and "an estimated 1,000 dead and wounded" Chinese. Afterward, the enemy withdrew to the hills around Uijongbu.
    Over eight days of fighting, U.N. troops sustained about 7,000 casualties, versus 70,000 for the CCF. It was "another magnificent victory for the 8th Army," Blair wrote, denying "the enemy his primary objective, Seoul."
                               BATTLE CASUALTIES
                              Killed in Action.....314
                                       Wounded in Action..1600

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